|  | Home | Libraries | People | FAQ | More | 
Perl-style format strings treat all characters as literals except '$' and '\' which start placeholder and escape sequences respectively.
Placeholder sequences specify that some part of what matched the regular expression should be sent to output as follows:
| Placeholder | Meaning | 
|---|---|
| $& | Outputs what matched the whole expression. | 
| $MATCH | As $& | 
| ${^MATCH} | As $& | 
| $` | Outputs the text between the end of the last match found (or the start of the text if no previous match was found), and the start of the current match. | 
| $PREMATCH | As $` | 
| ${^PREMATCH} | As $` | 
| $' | Outputs all the text following the end of the current match. | 
| $POSTMATCH | As $' | 
| ${^POSTMATCH} | As $' | 
| $+ | Outputs what matched the last marked sub-expression in the regular expression. | 
| $LAST_PAREN_MATCH | As $+ | 
| $LAST_SUBMATCH_RESULT | Outputs what matched the last sub-expression to be actually matched. | 
| $^N | As $LAST_SUBMATCH_RESULT | 
| $$ | Outputs a literal '$' | 
| $n | Outputs what matched the n'th sub-expression. | 
| ${n} | Outputs what matched the n'th sub-expression. | 
| $+{NAME} | Outputs whatever matched the sub-expression named "NAME". | 
Any $-placeholder sequence not listed above, results in '$' being treated as a literal.
An escape character followed by any character x, outputs that character unless x is one of the escape sequences shown below.
| Escape | Meaning | 
|---|---|
| \a | Outputs the bell character: '\a'. | 
| \e | Outputs the ANSI escape character (code point 27). | 
| \f | Outputs a form feed character: '\f' | 
| \n | Outputs a newline character: '\n'. | 
| \r | Outputs a carriage return character: '\r'. | 
| \t | Outputs a tab character: '\t'. | 
| \v | Outputs a vertical tab character: '\v'. | 
| \xDD | Outputs the character whose hexadecimal code point is 0xDD | 
| \x{DDDD} | Outputs the character whose hexadecimal code point is 0xDDDDD | 
| \cX | Outputs the ANSI escape sequence "escape-X". | 
| \D | If D is a decimal digit in the range 1-9, then outputs the text that matched sub-expression D. | 
| \l | Causes the next character to be outputted, to be output in lower case. | 
| \u | Causes the next character to be outputted, to be output in upper case. | 
| \L | Causes all subsequent characters to be output in lower case, until a \E is found. | 
| \U | Causes all subsequent characters to be output in upper case, until a \E is found. | 
| \E | Terminates a \L or \U sequence. |